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• Products
  • Research Areas
    • Apoptosis & Autophagy
      • Apoptosis Overview
        • Induction Phase of Apoptosis
        • Early Phase of Apoptosis
        • Mid Phase of Apoptosis
        • Late Phase of Apoptosis
        • Analysis of Apoptosis by Western Blotting
        • Analysis of Apoptosis by Imaging
        • Analysis of Apoptosis by Flow Cytometry
      • Apoptosis Kits
        • Annexin V Kit
        • Caspases FLICA™
        • Magic Red™ Kits
        • MitoPT™ Kits
        • pSIVA™ Real-Time Apoptosis Kit
        • FLISP Serine Protease Detection Kits
      • Autophagy Antibodies
        • Reporter Protein Antibodies
        • Magic Red™ Cathepsin kits
        • Mitochondria Molecule Antibodies
        • LC3 Antibody
      • Mitochondria Molecules Antibodies & Kits
        • MitoPT Kits
      • Cell Membrane Antibodies
        • Annexin V Kit
        • CTL/Granzyme Mediated Apoptosis
        • Caspases: Mediators of Apoptosis
      • Cytoplasmic Molecules Antibodies and Kits
      • Nuclear Molecules Antibodies
      • Apoptosis Cell Membrane Receptors - Death Receptors
      • Apo-BrdU™ Tunel Kits
    • Cancer
      • Cancer Research Posters
        • AML Research Related Products
        • Melanoma Research Related Products
        • Mitochondrial Dynamics Related Products
      • Cancer PrecisionAb Antibodies
      • Cell Proliferation and Viability
        • alamarBlue®
          • What is alamarBlue?
          • Advantages of alamarBlue
          • How to use alamarBlue
          • Tips and Advice
          • Colorimetric and Fluorometric Calculators
          • Protocols for alamarBlue
            • Method to Determine LD50 using alamarBlue
            • QC test for alamarBlue
            • Measuring cytotoxicity or proliferation using alamarBlue®
            • Determining optimum length of incubation and plating density
            • Spectrophotometry calculations for using different filters
            • alamarBlue Example Experiments
          • alamarBlue Scientific Resources
          • FAQs
        • BrdU Resources
          • BrdU (Bromodeoxyuridine)
          • BrdU Antibodies for Cell Proliferation Detection
          • BrdU Antibodies
          • BrdU Staining Protocols
          • BrdU References
          • Understanding the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle - a Biological and Experimental Overview
          • BrdU in adult neurogenesis research - Part 1
          • BrdU in adult neurogenesis research - Part 2
          • BrdU in neurogenesis research podcast - Podcast script
      • Cell Signaling
        • Kinases
        • Transcription Factors
        • Phosphatases
        • Phospho-specific antibodies
        • Sumoylation mediated signaling
        • Ubiquitination mediated signaling
      • Oncogenes and Oncoproteins
        • Antibodies and Proteins for the Analysis of Oncoproteins
      • Tumor Suppressors
        • Antibodies for the Analysis of Tumor Suppressor Proteins
        • p53 Antibody: An Introductory Guide
      • Cancer Research Highlights
        • Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition
        • EGFR
        • Cancer Stem Cells
        • Cancer Associated Fibroblasts: An Introductory Guide
        • Immuno-oncology
    • Cell Biology
      • 14-3-3 Antibodies
      • Apoptosis & Autophagy Antibodies & Kits
      • Aurora A Kinase Antibodies
      • DNA and DNA Modifications
      • Epitope Tag & Reporter Protein Antibodies
        • Epitope Tag Antibodies
          • References: Epitope Tag Antibodies
          • Specifications
          • V5 Tag Antibodies
          • His-Tag Antibodies
          • DYKDDDDK Tag antibodies
          • Anti VSV-G Tag Antibodies
          • HA-Tag Antibodies
          • S-Tag Antibodies
          • C-Myc Tag Antibodies
          • Strep Tag Antibodies
        • Reporter Protein Antibodies
      • Notch Antibodies & Pathway
      • Stem Cells
        • Endothelial Stem Cell Antibodies
        • Hematopoetic Stem Cell Antibodies
        • Mesencyhmal Stem Cell Antibodies
        • Neural Stem Cells
        • Pluripotent & Early Differentiation Antibodies
        • Stem Cell Signaling Antibodies
        • CD31
        • CD41
        • CD34
        • CD105
        • CD45
        • CD90
      • The Notch signaling pathway and its physiological functions
    • Cell Health
      • Autophagy
      • Apoptosis
      • Cell Viability
        • Vivafix Cell Viability Assays
        • ReadiDrop™ 7-AAD
        • PureBlu™ DAPI
        • PureBlu™ Hoechst 33342
        • ReadiDrop™ Propidium Iodide
      • Cell Proliferation
        • CytoTrack™ Cell Proliferation Assays
    • Innate Immunity
      • Complement System Antibodies
        • Minireview: Complement system
        • C4d Antibody
      • Monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells
        • Dendritic Cells
        • Macrophage
        • Monocytes
        • CD36 Antibody
        • CD68 Antibody
          • CD68 Products
          • CD68 Antibody Images
          • CD68 Antibody References
          • Mini-review: Macrophage Polarization
        • CD83 – a dendritic marker with regulatory function
        • CD200 and CD200R – a Ligand Receptor Pair
        • CD205 Antibody
        • CD206 – A C-type Lectin Receptor
        • ED Clone Antibodies
        • F4/80 Antibodies
          • F4/80 Products
          • F4/80 Mini review
          • F4/80 Protocol
          • F4/80 References
          • F4/80 Images
        • Mouse Fc Receptor Antibodies
        • B Cells - Function, Activation, Lineage and Markers
        • Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Antibodies
        • B cells Mini-review
        • The Lab Rat Model
      • NK Cells
        • Minireview: NK Cells
      • Pattern Recognition Receptor Antibodies
        • CD209 Antibodies
        • Dectin 1 Antibodies
        • Inflammasome Antibodies
        • TREM 1 Antibodies
      • Toll-like Receptor Antibodies
        • TLR2 and TLR4 Antibodies
        • TLR Minireview
      • List of all Innate Immunity antibodies
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      • Lineage Biomarkers of the Murine Immune System Booklet - Thank you
      • Human Posters and Guides
      • Mouse Posters and Guide
      • Granulocytes
        • Basophils
        • Eosinophils
        • Neutrophils
        • Mast Cells
      • Human Marker Poster
      • Mouse Maker Poster
      • CD4 the Marker the Antibodies
      • Innate Lymphoid Cells
      • Understanding Innate Lymphoid Cells - A Diverse Immune Population
      • Cytokines and Chemokines
      • CD45 Characterization and Isoforms
      • The Mucosal Immune Response in Health and Disease
      • Mucosal Immunology
      • Understanding Immuno-oncology - The Interplay between the Immune System and Cancer
      • Immuno-oncology
      • Register Antibody Interest
    • Immunology
      • Immunology Antibodies
      • Iron Transport and the Role of CD71
      • CD3 Minireview
      • CD3 Products
      • CD3 Antibodies
      • Integrins and Cell Adhesion Molecules
      • Cytokines, Chemokines & Growth Factors
      • Immune Regulation Antibodies
        • Co-stimulatory Molecules Antibodies
        • Notch Antibodies & Pathway
        • Antibodies for Studying Th1, Th2, and Th17 Cells
        • Treg Cell Antibodies
      • CD20 Antibodies
      • CD52 Antibodies
      • T Cells: Function, receptor, lineage and markers
      • Mini-review - An overview of T cell receptors
      • Latest Immunology eNews
      • Immune checkpoints identified: Purpose, mechanism and detection
      • Mini-review - The role of immune checkpoints in cancer and immunity
      • Human Immune Cell Markers - Selection Tool
      • Mouse Immune Cell Markers - Selection Tool
      • Immune Cell Markers - Selection Tool Short Video
      • Major Histocompatibility Complex
      • CD4+ T helper cell experimental essentials
    • Immuno-oncology
      • Immune checkpoints
      • Tumor microenvironment
    • Microbiology
      • Protozoan Antibodies
        • Zooflagellated Antibodies
        • Sporozoan Antibodies
          • Cryptosporidium Antibodies
          • Malaria Antibodies
    • Neuroscience
      • Development and Repair
      • Neurodegeneration
        • Minireview: Neuroinflammation
        • PGP 9.5 Antibody
      • Neuroendocrinology
        • Endocrinology
      • Neuronal and Glial Markers
      • Neurotransmitters, Receptors, and Transporters
    • Veterinary Research
      • Domestic Animals
        • Dog
          • Canine CD Marker Antibodies
          • Canine Dual & Triple Specificity Flow Cytometry Kits
          • Canine Cytokine Antibodies and Recombinant Proteins
          • Canine Parvovirus Antibodies
        • Cat
          • Feline CD Marker Antibodies
          • Feline Disease Antibodies
        • Rabbit
          • Rabbit Model for Human Disease Study
          • Rabbit Cell Surface and CD Marker Antibodies
          • Rabbit Antibodies and Recombinant Proteins
          • Rabbit Cytokine Antibodies
          • Rabbit Immunoglobulin Antibodies
          • Antibodies to Miscellaneous Rabbit Antigens
      • Livestock
        • Cow
          • Bovine CD Marker Antibodies
          • Bovine IFN gamma ELISA
          • Matched Antibody Pairs for Bovine Cytokine ELISA
          • Recombinant Bovine Cytokines
          • Bovine Dendritic Cell Growth Kits
          • Review: Cytokines and Bovine Tuberculosis
          • Review: Bovine Toll like Receptors
          • Article: Immunological Correlates of Protection in Ruminants
          • Bovine Adaptive and Innate Immunity
          • Bovine Immunity: Cytokines – Interleukin-17
          • Bovine Immunity: Cytokines – Interleukin-2
        • Goat
          • Caprine CD Marker Antibodies
          • Caprine Cytokine Antibodies
        • Horse Antibodies & Recombinant Proteins
          • Antibodies Recognizing Equine Cell Surface Antigens
          • Antibodies Recognizing Equine Cytokines
          • Antibodies Recognizing Equine Immunoglobulins
          • Antibodies Recognizing Equine Antigens
        • Pig Antibodies
          • Porcine CD Marker Antibodies
          • Porcine Cytokine Antibodies and Proteins
          • Porcine Immunoglobulin Antibodies
          • Porcine Adaptive Immunity
          • Porcine Innate Immunity
        • Sheep
          • Sheep Cell Surface and CD Marker Antibodies
          • Sheep Cytokine Antibodies
          • Sheep Immunoglobulin Antibodies
          • Antibodies to Miscellaneous Sheep Antigens
          • Technical Note: Optimized detection of ovine IL-8/CXCL8
      • Avian
        • Chicken
          • Chicken CD Marker Antibodies
          • Chicken Cytokine Antibodies and Proteins
          • Article: Chickenology, Importance of Chicken Immunology Research
        • Antibodies against Avian Disease
        • Duck, Turkey and Quail Antibodies
      • Veterinary Diseases
      • Mouse SeroBlock FcR
      • New Antibodies for Veterinary Research
      • Bovine Interferon Gamma ELISA Kit
      • Feline antibodies for Diagnostic Flow Cytometry
      • Veterinary Cytokines
      • Biomarker Expression Pattern Posters for Key Veterinary Immune Cells
      • Matched Antibody Pairs for ELISA
    • Bio-Rad Antibodies, Kits & Reagents - Full Catalogue
  • Secondary Antibodies and Reagents
    • Secondary Antibodies – Optimise your Detection System
    • Secondary Antibody Protocols and Resources
    • Secondary Antibody Selection Tool
    • Secondary Antibody Binding Locations
  • Antibodies By Target Species
    • Anti-bacterial Antibodies
    • Anti-Bovine Antibodies
    • Anti-Broad Species Antibodies
    • Anti-Cat Antibodies
    • Anti-Chemical Antibodies
    • Anti-Chicken Antibodies
    • Anti-Dog Antibodies
    • Anti-Drosophilia Antibodies
    • Anti-Duck Antibodies
    • Anti-Fish Antibodies
    • Anti-Fungal Antibodies
    • Anti-Goat Antibodies
    • Anti-Guinea Fowl Antibodies
    • Anti-Guinea Pig Antibodies
    • Anti-Hamster Antibodies
    • Anti-Horse Antibodies
    • Anti-Human Antibodies
    • Anti-Insect Antibodies
    • Anti-Invertebrates Antibodies
    • Anti-Mammals Antibodies
    • Anti-Monkey Antibodies
    • Anti-Mouse Antibodies
    • Anti-Pig Antibodies
    • Anti-Plant Antibodies
    • Anti-Protozoan Antibodies
    • Anti-Quail Antibodies
    • Anti-Rabbit Antibodies
    • Anti-Rainbow Trout Antibodies
    • Anti-Rat Antibodies
    • Anti-Rhesus Monkey Antibodies
    • Anti-Sheep Antibodies
    • Anti-Synthetic Peptide Antibodies
    • Anti-Turkey Antibodies
    • Anti-Viral Antibodies
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  • Applications
    • ELISA & Immunoassays
      • Antibodies Tested in Immunoassays
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      • Antibodies Tested in Radioimmunoassays
      • Controls and Tips for ELISA
      • ELISA Antibodies
      • ELISPOT Antibodies
      • Guide: An Introduction to ELISA
        • Chapter 1 - ELISA Procedure
        • Chapter 2 - Types of ELISA
        • Chapter 3 - ELISA Detection Options
        • Chapter 4 - ELISA Results
        • Chapter 5 - ELISA Controls
        • Chapter 6 - ELISA Components and Considerations
        • Chapter 7 - ELISA Optimization
        • Chapter 8 - Protocols
        • Chapter 9 - ELISA Troubleshooting
        • Chapter 10 - Glossary
      • Proteins for ELISA Experiments
      • Specialized ELISA Buffers & Substrates
      • An Introduction to ELISA - Basics Guide
      • ELISA - The Essentials Pocket Guide
    • Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
    • Functional Assay
    • Flow Cytometry
      • Flow Cytometry Tested Antibodies
      • Flow Cytometry Calibration and Validation reagents
      • Fluorophores
        • Alexa Fluor
        • DyLight
        • Antibody Conjugation Kits
          • LYNX Rapid Conjugation Kits
          • ReadiLink Antibody Conjugation Kits
          • ReadiLink Conjugation Kits Technical Information
        • New Fluorophore poster
      • Flow Cytometry Isotype Controls
      • Intracellular Flow Cytometry
      • Flow Cytometry Basics Guide
        • Chapter 1 - Principles of the Flow Cytometer
          • Fluidics System
          • Optics and Detection
          • Signal and Pulse Processing
          • Electrostatic Cell Sorting
        • Chapter 2 - Principles of Fluorescence
          • Fluorophores and Light
          • Fluorescence
          • Why Use a Fluorescent Marker?
          • Which Fluorochromes are Useful for Flow Cytometry?
          • Fluorescence Compensation
          • Compensation Controls
        • Chapter 3 - Data Analysis
          • Gates and Regions
          • Single-Parameter or Univariate Histograms
          • Two-Parameter or Bivariate Histograms
          • Backgating to Confirm Gating Strategies
        • Chapter 4 - Controls in Flow Cytometry
          • Unstained Controls
          • Isotype Controls
          • Single Staining and Compensation Controls
          • Fc Blocking Controls
          • Fluorescence Minus One Controls
          • Intracellular Staining Controls
          • Biological Controls
        • Chapter 5 - Optimizing your Experiments
          • Sample Preparation
          • Autofluorescence
          • Live/dead Exclusion
          • Doublet Discrimination
          • Cell Collection
          • Permeabilization and Fixation
        • Chapter 6 – Basic Rules for Building Multicolor Panels
          • Resolution of Signal
          • Basic Design Rules
          • Antibody Titration
        • Chapter 7 – Uses of Flow Cytometry
          • Immunophenotyping
          • Apoptosis
          • Proliferation and Cell Cycle
          • Signaling and Phosphoflow
          • Small Particle Detection
          • Other Common Uses
          • Innovations in Flow Cytometry
        • Chapter 8 - Common Protocols
          • Sample Preparation Protocol
          • Flow Cytometry Protocols
        • Chapter 9 - Troubleshooting
          • Troubleshooting
          • Recommended Reading
          • Flow Cytometry Guide: Glossary
        • Introduction to Flow Cytometry - Download or request a printed copy
      • 10 tips and tricks for the design of multi-color flow panels
      • Flow Cytometry – Cell Viability and Proliferation
      • Thank You - The form was submitted successfully
      • Request your Flow Cytometry Starter Pack
      • Flow Cytometry Poster
      • Controls in Flow Cytometry
      • Flow Cytometry Data Analysis
      • Webinar: Optimize your Flow Cytometry
      • No Compensation Panels
        • Human No Compensation Panels
        • Murine No Compensation Panels
      • Supporting reagents for flow cytometry
      • Intracellular Antigens
      • Cell frequencies in common samples
      • Flow Cytometry - The Essentials, a Pocket Guide to Flow
      • Experiments Come Alive with ZE5™ Cell Analyzer
      • Immunophenotyping of B Cells by Flow Cytometry
      • ZE5™ Cell Analyzer
      • S3e™ Cell Sorter
      • Identification of Specific Myeloid Subsets Using Common Markers in Flow Cytometry
      • Antibody Titration in Flow Cytometry
      • Multicolor Panel Builder Overview
        • Interactive Tool - Panel Building Made Easy
        • Watch our Multicolor Panel Builder Tutorial
    • Immunofluorescence/ICC
      • Immunofluorescence Antibodies
      • Secondary Antibodies Tested in Immunofluorescence
      • 10 Tips for selecting and using Fluorophores in IF experiments
    • Immunohistochemistry
      • Monoclonal Primary Antibodies Tested in IHC-Frozen Sections
      • Polyclonal Primary Antibodies Tested in IHC-Frozen Sections
      • Primary Antibodies Tested in IHC-Paraffin Sections
      • Primary Antibodies Tested in IHC-Resin
      • IHC controls
      • IHC - Tips and Tricks for your Experiments
        • Immunohistochemistry and Staining of FFPE Tissues
        • 20-Step IHC-Paraffin Protocol Example
        • Tips for Step 4 - Perform Antigen/Epitope Retrieval
        • Tips for Step 6 - Block Enzymes and Biotin
        • Tips for Step 7 - Wash
        • Tips for Step 8 - Block Non-specific Binding Sites
        • Tips for Step 10 - Incubate with Primary Antibody
        • Tips for Steps 12 & 14 - Secondary Antibodies & Amplification Reagents
        • Tips for Step 13 - Wash
        • Tips for Steps 12 & 14 - Secondary Antibodies & Amplification Reagents
        • Tips for Step 16 - Incubate with DAB or Other Substrates
        • Tips for Step 18 - Counterstain
        • Tips for Step 20 - Mount Coverslip
        • References and Trademark Acknowledgements
      • IHC Webinar: Mastering IHC Staining Experiments
      • Secondary Antibodies Tested in IHC
        • Biotinylated Secondary Antibodies
        • HRP-conjugated Secondary Antibodies
    • Immunoprecipitation
      • Immunoprecipitation Tested Antibodies
      • Immunoprecipitation protocol
      • Antibody Binding Affinities
      • 10 Tips for the western blot detection of IP samples
      • Webinar: “Complex or not?” Immunoprecipitation (IP) application
    • Western Blotting
      • PrecisionAb™
        • Western Blotting
        • PrecisionAb™ Validated Antibodies
        • PrecisionAb™ Western Blot Protocol
        • 2 for 1 on all PrecisionAb antibodies
      • Buffers & Accessories
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      • TidyBlot | Western Blot Detection Reagent
        • Solve 2 Western Blotting Problems with 1 Vial of TidyBlot
        • Discover TidyBlot Reagent’s Antibody Compatibility
        • Western Blot Detection of IP Samples
        • TidyBlot: Frequently Asked Questions
        • Claim Your Free TidyBlot WB Detection Reagent
      • Guide: Introduction to Western Blotting
        • Chapter 1: Why Use a Western Blot?
          • Antibody Considerations
        • Chapter 2: Samples, Gels and Blotting
          • Gel Electrophoresis
          • Sample Preparation
          • Blotting
        • Chapter 3: Immunodetection
          • Blocking & Antibody Incubation
          • Indirect vs. Direct Detection
          • Detection with Substrate
          • Test Blots, Slot Blots, and Dot Blots
        • Chapter 4: Data Analysis
          • Western Blot Example: Detecting or Characterizing Protein Expression
          • Western Blot Example: Demonstrating Antibody Specificity
          • Alternate Forms of a Protein – Prion Disease
        • Chapter 5: Western Blot Buffers
          • Western Blot Protocol: Cell Lysis, Mammalian Cells
          • Western Blot Protocol: Gel Electrophoresis & Protein Transfer by Electroblotting
          • Western Blot Protocol: Immunodetection Direct and Indirect
        • Chapter 6: Western Blotting Troubleshooting
          • Western Blotting
          • Western Blot: No Bands
          • Western Blot: Faint Bands or Weak Signal
          • Western Blot: High Background Signal on the Blot
          • Western Blot: Patchy or Uneven Spots on the Blot
      • Western Blot Protocol
      • Western blotting and Immunoblotting Products
      • Western Blot Detection of IP Samples
      • Detecting and quantifying low abundant proteins by Western Blot
      • Multiplex Fluorescent Western Blotting
    • Principles of Metal Chelate Chromatography
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        • What are LYNX Rapid Conjugation Kits
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        • Technical Advice: Rodent Isotyping Kit
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        • Mycoplasma Removal Agent (MRA) Protocol
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• Monoclonal Generation
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    • HuCAL® Articles
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        • PDF Version
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        • PDF Version
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      • Article: Anti-peptide antibodies for Immuno-MRM assays
      • Poster: Recombinant Anti-idiotypic Antibodies for Drug Development
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      • Article: Monitoring antibody immune responses against biotherapeutic drugs
      • Article: Effective tools for drug monitoring assays
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      • Poster: Characterization of anti-idiotypic antibodies for high performance in bioanalytical assays
      • Poster: Recombinant anti-idiotypic antibodies for antibody drug development
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