CD138 antibody | B-A38
Mouse anti Human CD138 antibody, clone B-A38 (MCA2459GA) used for the detection of syndecan-1 expressing cells in human skin by immunofluorescence.
Image caption:
Double immunolabeling and CLSM analysis of developing and adult epidermis for NF1 protein and syndecan-1. (a) At 14 weeks EGA, the NF1 protein (red) shows fibrillar pattern in basal cells while syndecan-1 (green) is localized to the plasma membrane of keratinocytes in all epidermal layers. Close spatial distribution or colocalization (yellow) is detected on some basal cells. (b) In adult epidermis the immunosignals for the NF1 protein (red) and syndecan-1 (green) are completely separate. Scale bars 10 μm in a,b, 2 μm in c,d.
From: Malminen M, Peltonen S, Koivunen J, Peltonen J. Functional expression of NF1 tumor suppressor protein: association with keratin intermediate filaments during the early development of human epidermis.
BMC Dermatol. 2002 Aug 29;2:10.
AlexaFluor A647 conjugated Mouse anti Human CD138 antibody, clone B-A38 (MCA2459A647) used for the detection of CD138 on bone marrow cells by flow cytometry.
Image caption:
B-A38 and DL-101 are both present on bone marrow plasma cells. Four bone marrow samples were used to test the capacity of DL-101 to detect CD138+ cells. (a) The analysis was done on viable cells, using Sytox Blue exclusion, and then on gated cells, which represented less than 0.5% of total cells. (b) Profiles are showed for B-A38 and DL-101 PE-conjugated mAbs for one sample gated on region. The mean frequency ± S.E.M for CD138+ cells was 78.7% ± 1.2% for B-A38 and 59.3% ± 2.1% for DL-101. (c) Frequencies of total are shown for all bone marrow samples according to B-A38 and DL-101; the mean ± S.E.M. was 0.20% ± 0.06% and 0.11% ± 0.05%, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the B-A38 and DL-101 staining in these four bone marrow samples (nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test).
From: Rayelle Itoua Maïga, Jennifer Lemieux, Annie Roy, Carl Simard, and Sonia Néron,
“Flow Cytometry Assessment of In Vitro Generated CD138+ Human Plasma Cells,”
BioMed Research International, vol. 2014, Article ID 536482, 8 pages, 2014.
Mouse anti Human CD138 antibody, clone B-A38 (MCA2459GA) used for the detection of syndecan-1 expressing cells in lymphoid follicles by immunofluorescence.
Image caption:
Expression of the B cell survival factors BAFF and April in ectopic lymphoid follicles and the presence of plasma cells in ectopic lymphoid follicles. Immunofluorescence images of staining of BAFF (red) and April (green) detected in the CD21+ follicular dendritic cell network (blue) (A) Paraffin sections of tissues showing organised lymphoid aggregates were also stained with a marker for plasma cells, CD138 (cyan), and B cells (CD20) (red) by double immunofluorescence (B). Abundant plasma cells were detected at the periphery of the aggregates as well as in the surrounding tissue. Shown are representative images from the group of cases containing organised lymphoid aggregates.
From: Mittal S, Revell M, Barone F, Hardie DL, Matharu GS, et al. (2013) Lymphoid Aggregates That Resemble Tertiary Lymphoid Organs Define a Specific Pathological Subset in Metal-on-Metal Hip Replacements.
PLoS ONE 8(5): e63470.
Mouse anti Human CD138 antibody, clone B-A38 (MCA2459GA) used for the detection of syndecan-1 expressing cells in human colonic tissues by immunohistochemistry on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections.
Image caption:
Expression of syndecan-1 in normal colonic epithelium and colon adenocarcinomas. a, immunohistochemical staining for syndecan-1 in normal colon. b-c, syndecan-1 staining of colon adenocarcinomas is lost in correlation with tumor differentiation status. d, example of a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with strong stromal staining for syndecan-1 and moderate staining of the tumor. e, f, contiguous sections of the same tumor stained for syndecan-1, (e), or fascin, (f), demonstrating strong staining for fascin in the stroma (arrowed). The tumor cells are negative for fascin and syndecan-1. Isolated strongly fascin positive cells correspond to dendritic and vascular endothelial cells and provideinternal positive controls for the fascin staining.
From: Hashimoto Y, Skacel M, Adams JC.
Association of loss of epithelial syndecan-1 with stage and local metastasis of colorectal adenocarcinomas: an immunohistochemical study of clinically annotated tumors.
BMC Cancer. 2008 Jun 30;8:185.
Mouse anti human CD138 antibody, clone B-A38 (MCA2459GA) used for the identification of plasma cells in human tonsillar cryostat sections by immunofluorescence.
Image caption:
Immunofluorescence analysis of 5-LO expression in subsets of tonsillar B lymphocytes. Tonsils were prepared for immunofluorescence analyses and stained with anti-IgD, anti-CD38, anti-CD138 and DAPI. A) B cells within the mantle zone were stained with anti-IgD (green, A1); anti-5-LO (red, A2) and DAPI (blue, A3). The combined picture (A4 (A1+A2+A3)) depicts high expression of 5-LO in IgD+ cells. B) Germinal centre B cells were stained with anti-CD38 (green, B1); anti-5-LO (red, B2) and DAPI (blue, B3). The combined picture (B4 (B1+B2+B3)) shows very weak expression of 5-LO in CD38++ cells. C) Plasma cells within the germinal centre were stained with anti-CD38 (green, C1); anti-5-LO (red, C2) and DAPI (blue, C3). The combined picture (C4 (C1+C2+C3)) demonstrates no expression of 5-LO in CD38+++ cells. D) Plasma cells outside the germinal centre were stained with anti-CD138 (green, D1); anti-5-LO (red, D2) and DAPI (blue, D3). The combined picture (D4 (D1+D2+D3)) depicts no expression of 5-LO in CD138+ cells. The figure represents one out of four examined tonsils.
From: Mahshid Y, Lisy MR, Wang X, Spanbroek R, Flygare J, Christensson B, Björkholm M, Sander B, Habenicht AJ, Claesson HE.
High expression of 5-lipoxygenase in normal and malignant mantle zone B lymphocytes.
BMC Immunol. 2009 Jan 9;10:2.
Mouse anti Human CD138, clone B-A38 (MCA2459GA) used for the identification of plasma cells in the bronchial submucosa by immunohistochemistry on acetone fixed, resin embedded tissue sections.
Image caption:
Immunohistochemical staining of CD138-positive plasma cells in human bronchial submucosa tissue. a Representative 20X image of positive staining using mAb B-A38 for CD138 with positive staining in red with Mayer's hematoxylin counterstain in blue from a subject exposed to FAA. b Zoom region (40X) highlighted in black box of panel a. c Positive pixel count quantification of submucosa region for CD138 staining. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. n = 9 for each experimental condition. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01
From: Hosseini A, Hirota JA, Hackett TL, McNagny KM, Wilson SJ, Carlsten C.
Morphometric analysis of inflammation in bronchial biopsies following exposure to inhaled diesel exhaust and allergen challenge in atopic subjects.
Part Fibre Toxicol. 2016 Jan 13;13:2.
Mouse anti Human CD138 antibody, clone B-A38 (MCA2459GA) used for the evaluation of syndecan-1 expression on plasma cells in cardiovascular surgical specimens by immunohistochemistry on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections.
Image caption:
Histopathological findings of tissue samples obtained from two patients with aortic stenosis (case 6 and case 8). a-d Case 6. e-h Case 8. a, b, e, f Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. c, g IgG4 staining. d, h CD138 staining. b Higher magnification image of the bracketed area in a. The number of IgG4-positive cells was 73/HPF and the IgG4/CD138 ratio was 45%. f Higher magnification image of the bracketed area in e. Original magnification, ×40 (a, e), and × 200 (b-d, f-h). The number of IgG4-positive cells was 20/HPF and IgG4/CD138 ratio was 17%
From: Hourai R, Kasashima S, Sohmiya K, Yamauchi Y, Ozawa H, Hirose Y, Ogino Y, Katsumata T, Daimon M, Fujita SI, Hoshiga M, Ishizaka N.
IgG4-positive cell infiltration in various cardiovascular disorders - results from histopathological analysis of surgical samples.<
BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017 Feb 3;17(1):52.
Mouse anti Human CD138:Alexa Fluor® 647
Mouse anti Human CD138:FITC
Mouse anti Human CD138
Mouse anti Human CD138:RPE
- Product Type
- Monoclonal Antibody
- Clone
- B-A38
- Isotype
- IgG1
| Product Code | Applications | Pack Size | List Price | Quantity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCA2459A647T | F | 25 Tests/0.25ml |
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| MCA2459A647 | F | 100 Tests/1ml |
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| MCA2459FT | F | 25 µg |
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| MCA2459F | F | 0.1 mg |
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| MCA2459T | C F IF P* WB | 0.1 ml |
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| MCA2459GA | C F FN* IF P* WB | 0.1 mg |
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| MCA2459 | C F FN* IF P* WB | 2 ml |
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| MCA2459PET | F | 25 Tests |
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| MCA2459PE | F | 100 Tests |
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Mouse anti human CD138 antibody, clone B-A38 recognizes human CD138, also known as Syndecan-1 (SDC-1). CD138 is a member of the transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan family (O’Connell et al. 2004, Sanderson et al. 2008). It is composed of a core protein (comprising 3 domains; a short cytoplasmic domain, a transmembrane domain, and a long extracellular domain) and covalently attached heparan sulfate chains (Sanderson et al. 2008).
Syndecan-1 is expressed on the surface of plasma cells within the hematopoietic system and on the surface of mature epithelial cells (O’Connell et al. 2004). It acts as an extracellular matrix receptor, involved in many cellular functions, including cell binding, cell signaling and cytoskeletal organization through cell-cell adhesion and cell-matrix adhesion (Sanderson et al. 2008).
Syndecan-1 is expressed on the surface of plasma cells within the hematopoietic system and on the surface of mature epithelial cells (O’Connell et al. 2004). It acts as an extracellular matrix receptor, involved in many cellular functions, including cell binding, cell signaling and cytoskeletal organization through cell-cell adhesion and cell-matrix adhesion (Sanderson et al. 2008).
Product Details
- Target Species
- Human
- Product Form
- Purified IgG conjugated to Alexa Fluor® 647 - liquid
- Product Form
- Purified IgG conjugated to Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Isomer 1 (FITC) - liquid
- Product Form
- Purified IgG - liquid
- Product Form
- Pack Size: 25 TestsPurified IgG conjugated to R. Phycoerythrin (RPE) - lyophilisedPack Size: 100 TestsPurified IgG conjugated to R. Phycoerythrin (RPE) - lyophilized
- Reconstitution
- Pack Size: 25 TestsReconstitute with 0.25 ml distilled waterPack Size: 100 TestsReconstitute with 1 ml distilled water
- Preparation
- Purified IgG prepared by ion exchange chromatography.
- Preparation
- Purified IgG prepared by ion exchange chromatography
- Preparation
- Purified IgG prepared by ion exchange chromatography
- Preparation
- Purified IgG prepared by ion exchange chromatography
- Buffer Solution
- Phosphate buffered saline
- Buffer Solution
- Phosphate buffered saline
- Buffer Solution
- Phosphate buffered saline
- Buffer Solution
- Phosphate buffered saline
- Preservative Stabilisers
0.09% Sodium Azide 1% Bovine Serum Albumin - Preservative Stabilisers
0.09% Sodium Azide 1% Bovine Serum Albumin - Preservative Stabilisers
0.09% Sodium Azide 1% Bovine Serum Albumin - Preservative Stabilisers
0.09% Sodium Azide 1% Bovine Serum Albumin 5% Sucrose - Immunogen
- U266 cell line.
- Approx. Protein Concentrations
- IgG concentration 0.05 mg/ml
- Approx. Protein Concentrations
- IgG concentration 0.1 mg/ml
- Approx. Protein Concentrations
- Pack Size: 0.1 mlIgG concentration 0.1mg/mlPack Size: 0.1 mg, 2 mlIgG concentration 0.1 mg/ml
- Fusion Partners
- Spleen cells from immunized Balb/c (Iffa Credo) mice were fused with cells of the mouse X63/Ag.8653 myeloma cell line.
Storage Information
- Storage
- Store at +4oC or at -20oC if preferred.
This product should be stored undiluted.
Storage in frost-free freezers is not recommended. This product is photosensitive and should be protected from light.
Avoid repeated freezing and thawing as this may denature the antibody. Should this product contain a precipitate we recommend microcentrifugation before use. - Storage
- Store at +4oC or at -20oC if preferred.
This product should be stored undiluted.
Storage in frost-free freezers is not recommended. This product is photosensitive and should be protected from light.
Avoid repeated freezing and thawing as this may denature the antibody. Should this product contain a precipitate we recommend microcentrifugation before use. - Storage
- Store at +4oC or at -20oC if preferred.
This product should be stored undiluted.
Storage in frost-free freezers is not recommended. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing as this may denature the antibody. Should this product contain a precipitate we recommend microcentrifugation before use. - Storage
- Pack Size: 25 TestsPrior to reconstitution store at +4oC.
After reconstitution store at +4oC.
DO NOT FREEZE. This product should be stored undiluted. This product is photosensitive and should be protected from light. Should this product contain a precipitate we recommend microcentrifugation before use.Pack Size: 100 TestsPrior to reconstitution store at +4oC following reconstitution store at +4oC.
DO NOT FREEZE.
This product should be stored undiluted. This product is photosensitive and should be protected from light. Should this product contain a precipitate we recommend microcentrifugation before use. - Guarantee
- 18 months from date of despatch.
- Guarantee
- 18 months from date of despatch.
- Guarantee
- 18 months from date of despatch.
- Guarantee
- 12 months from date of reconstitution.
More Information
- UniProt
- P18827 Related reagents
- Entrez Gene
- SDC1 Related reagents
- GO Terms
- GO:0005887 integral to plasma membrane
- GO:0005737 cytoplasm
- GO:0005925 focal adhesion
- GO:0006629 lipid metabolic process
- GO:0008022 protein C-terminus binding
- GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding
- GO:0042157 lipoprotein metabolic process
- GO:0048627 myoblast development
- GO:0055002 striated muscle cell development
- Acknowledgements
- This product is provided under an intellectual property licence from Life Technologies Corporation. The transfer of this product is contingent on the buyer using the purchase product solely in research, excluding contract research or any fee for service research, and the buyer must not sell or otherwise transfer this product or its components for (a) diagnostic, therapeutic or prophylactic purposes; (b) testing, analysis or screening services, or information in return for compensation on a per-test basis; (c) manufacturing or quality assurance or quality control, or (d) resale, whether or not resold for use in research. For information on purchasing a license to this product for purposes other than as described above, contact Life Technologies Corporation, 5791 Van Allen Way, Carlsbad CA 92008 USA or outlicensing@thermofisher.com
- Regulatory
- For research purposes only
Applications of CD138 antibody
| Application Name | Verified | Min Dilution | Max Dilution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flow Cytometry | Neat | ||
| Flow Cytometry | Neat | ||
| Flow Cytometry | Neat | ||
| Functional Assays 1 | |||
| Immunofluorescence | |||
| Immunohistology - Frozen | 1/100 | 1/500 | |
| Immunohistology - Paraffin 2 | 1/100 | 1/500 Pack Size: 0.1 ml, 0.1 mg 1/100 Pack Size: 2 ml |
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| Western Blotting | |||
| Flow Cytometry | Neat | 1/5 |
- 1 This product contains sodium azide, removal by dialysis is recommended prior to use in functional assays. Bio-Rad recommend the use of EQU003 for this purpose.
- 2This product requires heat pre-treatment. Sodium citrate buffer pH6.0 is recommended for this purpose.
Where this antibody has not been tested for use in a particular technique this does not necessarily exclude its use in such procedures. Suggested working dilutions are given as a guide only. It is recommended that the user titrates the antibody for use in their own system using appropriate negative/positive controls.
Where this antibody has not been tested for use in a particular technique this does not necessarily exclude its use in such procedures. Suggested working dilutions are given as a guide only. It is recommended that the user titrates the antibody for use in their own system using appropriate negative/positive controls.
Where this product has not been tested for use in a particular technique this does not necessarily exclude its use in such procedures. Suggested working dilutions are given as a guide only. It is recommended that the user titrates the product for use in their own system using appropriate negative/positive controls.
Where this antibody has not been tested for use in a particular technique this does not necessarily exclude its use in such procedures. Suggested working dilutions are given as a guide only. It is recommended that the user titrates the antibody for use in their own system using appropriate negative/positive controls.
- Flow Cytometry
- Use 10ul of the suggested working dilution to label 106 cells in 100ul.
- Flow Cytometry
- Use 10ul of the suggested working dilution to label 106 cells in 100ul.
- Flow Cytometry
- Use 10ul of the suggested working dilution to label 106 cells in 100ul.
- Flow Cytometry
- Use 10ul of the suggested working dilution to label 106 cells in 100ul.
- Histology Positive Control Tissue
- Bone Marrow
Copyright © 2019 Bio-Rad Antibodies (formerly AbD Serotec)
Secondary Antibodies Available
Negative Isotype Controls Available
| Description | Product Code | Applications | Pack Size | List Price | Quantity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mouse IgG1 Negative Control:Alexa Fluor® 647 | MCA928A647 | F | 100 Tests/1ml |
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| Mouse IgG1 Negative Control:FITC | MCA928F | F | 100 Tests |
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| Mouse IgG1 Negative Control | MCA928 | F | 100 Tests |
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| Mouse IgG1 Negative Control:RPE | MCA928PE | F | 100 Tests |
|
Useful Reagents Available
| Description | Product Code | Applications | Pack Size | List Price | Quantity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human Seroblock | BUF070A | F | 50 Test | ||
| Human Seroblock | BUF070B | F | 200 Test | ||
| Human Seroblock | BUF070A | F | 50 Test | ||
| Human Seroblock | BUF070B | F | 200 Test | ||
| Human Seroblock | BUF070A | F | 50 Test | ||
| Human Seroblock | BUF070B | F | 200 Test |
Application Based External Images
Functional Assays
Immunohistology - Frozen
Immunohistology - Paraffin
Western Blotting
Product Specific References
References for CD138 antibody
-
Borset, M. et al. (1993) Lack of IL-1 secretion from human myeloma cells highly purified by immunomagnetic separation.
Br J Haematol. 85 (3): 446-51. -
Du, S. et al. (2010) Systemic mastocytosis in association with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and plasma cell myeloma.
Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 3 (4): 448-57. -
Kylänpää, L. et al. (2009) Syndecan-1 and tenascin expression in cystic tumors of the pancreas.
JOP. 10 (4): 378-82. -
Beauvais, D.M. et al. (2009) Syndecan-1 regulates alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 integrin activation during angiogenesis and is blocked by synstatin, a novel peptide inhibitor.
J Exp Med. 206: 691-705. -
Beauvais, D.M. and Rapraeger, A.C. (2010) Syndecan-1 couples the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor to inside-out integrin activation
J Cell Sci. 123: 3796-807. -
Kim, Y.C. et al. (2010) Presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis and plasma cell dominance in gingival tissues with periodontitis.
Oral Dis. 16: 375-81. -
Chang, H. et al. (2010) CKS1B nuclear expression is inversely correlated with p27Kip1 expression and is predictive of an adverse survival in patients with multiple myeloma.
Haematologica. 95: 1542-7. -
Mahshid Y et al. (2009) High expression of 5-lipoxygenase in normal and malignant mantle zone B lymphocytes.
BMC Immunol. 10: 2. -
Guedez, L. et al. (2005) Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) promotes plasmablastic differentiation of a Burkitt lymphoma cell line: implications in the pathogenesis of plasmacytic/plasmablastic tumors.
Blood. 105: 1660-8. -
Li, K. et al. (2010) Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma presenting as an isolated nasopharyngeal mass: a case report and review of literature.
Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 4: 190-6. -
Yang, Y. et al. (2007) The syndecan-1 heparan sulfate proteoglycan is a viable target for myeloma therapy.
Blood. 110: 2041-8. -
Thaunat, O. et al. (2010) Chronic rejection triggers the development of an aggressive intragraft immune response through recapitulation of lymphoid organogenesis.
J Immunol. 185: 717-28. -
Cannizzo, E. et al. (2012) The role of CD19 and CD27 in the diagnosis of multiple myeloma by flow cytometry: a new statistical model.
Am J Clin Pathol. 137 (3): 377-86. -
Li, K. et al. (2012) A rare and unique case of aggressive IgE-γ plasma cell myeloma in a 28-year-old woman presented initially as an orbital mass.
Hum Pathol. 43: 2376-84. -
Christianson, H.C. et al. (2013) Cancer cell exosomes depend on cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans for their internalization and functional activity.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110 (43): 17380-5. -
Malminen, M. et al. (2002) Functional expression of NF1 tumor suppressor protein: association with keratin intermediate filaments during the early development of human epidermis.
BMC Dermatol. 2: 10. -
Itoua Maïga, R. et al. (2014) Flow cytometry assessment of in vitro generated CD138+ human plasma cells.
Biomed Res Int. 2014: 536482. -
Di Niro, R. et al. (2016) Responsive population dynamics and wide seeding into the duodenal lamina propria of transglutaminase-2-specific plasma cells in celiac disease.
Mucosal Immunol. 9 (1): 254-64. -
Yigit, N. et al. (2015) Nuclear factor-erythroid 2, nerve growth factor receptor, and CD34-microvessel density are differentially expressed in primary myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera, and essential thrombocythemia.
Hum Pathol. 46 (8): 1217-25. -
Lum, D. & Wong, K.P. (2006) Sarcomatoid plasmacytoma: a diagnosis not often considered.
Pathology. 38 (6): 593-6. -
Gill, J. et al. (2009) A case of hyperIgG4 disease or IgG4-related sclerosing disease presenting as retroperitoneal fibrosis, chronic sclerosing sialadenitis and mediastinal lymphadenopathy.
Pathology. 41 (3): 297-300. -
Adepu, S. et al. (2015) Incipient renal transplant dysfunction associates with tubular syndecan-1 expression and shedding.
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 309 (2): F137-45. -
Hara, S. et al. (2016) Distribution and components of interstitial inflammation and fibrosis in IgG4-related kidney disease: Analysis of autopsy specimens
Hum Pathol. May 28 [Epub ahead of print] -
Hosseini, A. et al. (2016) Morphometric analysis of inflammation in bronchial biopsies following exposure to inhaled diesel exhaust and allergen challenge in atopic subjects.
Part Fibre Toxicol. 13: 2. -
Uenoyama, A. et al. (2016) Effects of C-xylopyranoside derivative on epithelial regeneration in an in vitro 3D oral mucosa model.
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 80 (7): 1344-55. -
Hourai, R. et al. (2017) IgG4-positive cell infiltration in various cardiovascular disorders - results from histopathological analysis of surgical samples.
BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 17 (1): 52. -
Nagata, K. et al. (2017) Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Reactivation Activates B Cells Polyclonally and Induces Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Expression: A Mechanism Underlying Autoimmunity and Its Contribution to Graves' Disease.
Viral Immunol. Mar 23. [Epub ahead of print] -
Tran, D.N. et al. (2017) Polychromatic flow cytometry is more sensitive than microscopy in detecting small monoclonal plasma cell populations.
Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 92 (2): 136-144.
Further Reading
-
Anttonen, A. et al. (1999) Syndecan-1 expression has prognostic significance in head and neck carcinoma.
Br J Cancer. 79 (3-4): 558-64. -
O'Connell, F.P. et al. (2004) CD138 (syndecan-1), a plasma cell marker immunohistochemical profile in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic neoplasms.
Am J Clin Pathol. 121:254-63. -
Sanderson, R.D. et al. (2008) Syndecan-1: a dynamic regulator of the myeloma microenvironment.
Clin Exp Metastasis. 25:149-59.
