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CD28 antibody | YTH913.12

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Anti Human CD28 Antibody, clone YTH913.12 thumbnail image 1 Anti Human CD28 Antibody, clone YTH913.12 thumbnail image 2
Anti Human CD28 Antibody, clone YTH913.12 gallery image 1
Figure A. Alexa Fluor647 conjugated mouse anti human CD4 (MCA1267A647) and RPE conjugated rat IgG2b isotype control (MCA6006PE). Figure B. Alexa Fluor647 conjugated mouse anti human CD4 (MCA1267A647) and RPE conjugated rat anti human CD28 (MCA709PE). All experiments performed on human Peripheral blood lymphocytes in the presence of Human SeroBlock (BUF070A).
Anti Human CD28 Antibody, clone YTH913.12 gallery image 2
Figure A. Alexa Fluor 647 conjugated Mouse anti Human CD3 (MCA463A488). Figure B. Alexa Fluor 647 conjugated Mouse anti Human CD3 (MCA463A488) and SBV515 conjugated Rat anti Human CD28 (MCA709SBV515). All experiments performed on red cell lysed human blood gated on live single cell lymphocytes, in the presence of 10% human serum. Data acquired on the ZE5 Cell Analyzer.

Rat anti Human CD28:Alexa Fluor® 488

Rat anti Human CD28:Alexa Fluor® 647

Rat anti Human CD28:FITC

Rat anti Human CD28:Low Endotoxin

Rat anti Human CD28:Pacific Blue®

Rat anti Human CD28

Rat anti Human CD28:RPE

Rat anti Human CD28:Starbright Blue 700

Rat anti Human CD28:Starbright Violet 440

Rat anti Human CD28:Starbright Violet 515

Rat anti Human CD28:Starbright Violet 610

Product Type
Monoclonal Antibody
Clone
YTH913.12
Isotype
IgG2b
Product Code Applications Pack Size List Price Quantity
MCA709A488
Datasheet
F
SDS
100 Tests/1ml loader

MCA709A647
Datasheet
F
SDS
100 Tests/1ml loader

MCA709F
Datasheet
F
SDS
0.1 mg loader

MCA709EL
Datasheet
C F FN
SDS
0.5 mg loader

MCA709PB
Datasheet
F
SDS
100 Tests/1ml loader

MCA709GT
Datasheet
C F
SDS
25 µg loader

MCA709GA
Datasheet
C F
SDS
0.1 mg loader

MCA709G
Datasheet
C F
SDS
0.2 mg loader

MCA709PE
Datasheet
F
SDS
100 Tests loader

MCA709SBB700
Datasheet
F
SDS
100 Tests/0.5ml loader

MCA709SBV440
Datasheet
F
SDS
100 Tests/0.5ml loader

MCA709SBV515
Datasheet
F
SDS
100 Tests/0.5ml loader

MCA709SBV610
Datasheet
F
SDS
100 Tests/0.5ml loader

Rat anti Human CD28 antibody, clone YTH913.12 recognizes human CD28, a ~44 kDa single pass type 1 trans-membrane protein expressed as a homodimer on a major subset of human T-cells (Thompson et al. 1989), responsible for activation of these cells via interaction with the TCR. CD28 is involved in the tuning of the T-cell for activation via TCR, lowering the threshold for activation from around 8000 triggered TCRs to approximately 1500 (Viola et al.1996).

CD28 along with CD152, also known as CTLA-4 acts as a co-receptor for the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 (Azuma et al. 1993). CD28 offers a positive stimulatory role on ligation of CD80 and CD86 while CTLA-4 offers a negative feedback signal preventing CD28 mediated T-cell activation of CD86 (Krummel et al. 1995).

Rat anti human CD28, clone YTH913.12 has been reported to recognize an epitope of CD28 expressed by NK cells, which is not recognized by other anti human CD28 clones such as 9.3 and CD28.2 (Galea-Lauri et al 1999.) Other reports however have failed to demonstrate CD28 staining on peripheral blood derived NK cells using clone YTH913.12 (Wilson et al. 1999).

Product Details

Target Species
Human
Product Form
Purified IgG conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488 - liquid
Product Form
Purified IgG conjugated to Alexa Fluor® 647 - liquid
Product Form
Purified IgG conjugated to Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Isomer 1 (FITC) - liquid
Product Form
Purified IgG - liquid
Product Form
Purified IgG conjugated to Pacific Blue - liquid
Product Form
Purified IgG - liquid
Product Form
Purified IgG conjugated to R. Phycoerythrin (RPE) - lyophilized
Product Form
Purified IgG conjugated to StarBright Blue 700 - liquid
Product Form
Purified IgG conjugated to StarBright Violet 440 - liquid
Product Form
Purified IgG conjugated to StarBright Violet 515 - liquid
Product Form
Purified IgG conjugated to StarBright Violet 610 - liquid
Reconstitution
Reconstitute with 1 ml distilled water
Preparation
Purified IgG prepared by affinity chromatography on Protein G from tissue culture supernatant
Preparation
Purified IgG prepared by affinity chromatography on Protein G from tissue culture supernatant
Preparation
Purified IgG prepared by affinity chromatography on Protein G from tissue culture supernatant
Preparation
Purified IgG prepared by affinity chromatography on Protein G from tissue culture supernatant
Preparation
Purified IgG prepared by affinity chromatography on Protein G from tissue culture supernatant
Preparation
Purified IgG prepared by affinity chromatography on Protein G from tissue culture supernatant
Preparation
Purified IgG prepared by affinity chromatography on Protein G from tissue culture supernatant
Preparation
Purified IgG prepared by affinity chromatography on Protein G from tissue culture supernatant
Preparation
Purified IgG prepared by affinity chromatography on Protein G from tissue culture supernatant
Preparation
Purified IgG prepared by affinity chromatography on Protein G from tissue culture supernatant
Preparation
Purified IgG prepared by affinity chromatography on Protein G from tissue culture supernatant
Buffer Solution
Phosphate buffered saline
Buffer Solution
Phosphate buffered saline
Buffer Solution
Phosphate buffered saline
Buffer Solution
Phosphate buffered saline
Buffer Solution
Phosphate buffered saline
Buffer Solution
Phosphate buffered saline
Buffer Solution
Phosphate buffered saline
Buffer Solution
Phosphate buffered saline
Buffer Solution
Phosphate buffered saline
Buffer Solution
Phosphate buffered saline
Buffer Solution
Phosphate buffered saline
Preservative Stabilisers
0.09%Sodium Azide
1%Bovine Serum Albumin
Preservative Stabilisers
0.09%Sodium Azide
1%Bovine Serum Albumin
Preservative Stabilisers
0.09%Sodium Azide
1%Bovine Serum Albumin
Preservative Stabilisers
None present
Preservative Stabilisers
0.09%Sodium Azide
1%Bovine Serum Albumin
Preservative Stabilisers
0.09%Sodium Azide
Preservative Stabilisers
0.09%Sodium Azide
1%Bovine Serum Albumin
5%Sucrose
Preservative Stabilisers
0.09% Sodium Azide (NaN3)
1% Bovine Serum Albumin
0.1% Pluronic F68
0.1% PEG 3350
Preservative Stabilisers
0.09% Sodium Azide (NaN3)
1% Bovine Serum Albumin
0.1% Pluronic F68
0.1% PEG 3350
Preservative Stabilisers
0.09% Sodium Azide (NaN3)
1% Bovine Serum Albumin
0.1% Pluronic F68
0.1% PEG 3350
Preservative Stabilisers
0.09% Sodium Azide (NaN3)
1% Bovine Serum Albumin
0.1% Pluronic F68
0.1% PEG 3350
Carrier Free
Yes
Carrier Free
Yes
Immunogen
Human peripheral blood T-cells
Approx. Protein Concentrations
IgG concentration 0.05 mg/ml
Approx. Protein Concentrations
IgG concentration 0.05 mg/ml
Approx. Protein Concentrations
IgG concentration 0.1 mg/ml
Approx. Protein Concentrations
IgG concentration 1.0 mg/ml
Approx. Protein Concentrations
IgG concentration 0.05 mg/ml
Approx. Protein Concentrations
IgG concentration 1.0 mg/ml
Fusion Partners
Spleen cells from an immunised DA rat were fused with cells of the Y3/Ag 1.2.3 rat myeloma cell line

Storage Information

Storage
Store at +4oC or at -20oC if preferred.
Storage in frost-free freezers is not recommended.
This product should be stored undiluted. This product is photosensitive and should be protected from light. Should this product contain a precipitate we recommend microcentrifugation before use.
Storage
Store at +4oC or at -20oC if preferred.

This product should be stored undiluted.

Storage in frost-free freezers is not recommended. This product is photosensitive and should be protected from light.

Avoid repeated freezing and thawing as this may denature the antibody. Should this product contain a precipitate we recommend microcentrifugation before use.
Storage
Store at +4oC or at -20oC if preferred. This product should be stored undiluted. Storage in frost-free freezers is not recommended. This product is photosensitive and should be protected from light. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing as this may denature the antibody. Should this product contain a precipitate we recommend microcentrifugation before use.
Storage
Store at -20oC only.

This product should be stored undiluted.

Storage in frost-free freezers is not recommended. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing as this may denature the antibody. Should this product contain a precipitate we recommend microcentrifugation before use.
Storage
Store at +4oC or at -20oC if preferred.
Storage in frost-free freezers is not recommended.
This product should be stored undiluted. This product is photosensitive and should be protected from light.
Avoid repeated freezing and thawing as this may denature the antibody.
Storage
Pack Size: 25 µg, 0.2 mg
Store at +4oC or at -20oC if preferred.Storage in frost-free freezers is not recommended.

This product should be stored undiluted. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing as this may denature the antibody. Should this product contain a precipitate we recommend microcentrifugation before use.
Pack Size: 0.1 mg
Store at +4oC or at -20oC if preferred. Storage in frost-free freezers is not recommended.

This product should be stored undiluted. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing as this may denature the antibody. Should this product contain a precipitate we recommend microcentrifugation before use.
Storage
Prior to reconstitution store at +4oC. Following reconstitution store at +4oC.

DO NOT FREEZE.

This product should be stored undiluted. This product is photosensitive and should be protected from light. Should this product contain a precipitate we recommend microcentrifugation before use.
Storage
Store at +4°C. DO NOT FREEZE.
This product should be stored undiluted.
Storage
Store at +4°C. DO NOT FREEZE.
This product should be stored undiluted.
Storage
Store at +4°C. DO NOT FREEZE.
This product should be stored undiluted.
Storage
Store at +4°C. DO NOT FREEZE.
This product should be stored undiluted.
Guarantee
12 months from date of despatch
Guarantee
12 months from date of despatch
Guarantee
12 months from date of despatch
Guarantee
12 months from date of despatch
Guarantee
12 months from date of despatch
Guarantee
12 months from date of despatch
Guarantee
12 months from date of despatch
Guarantee
12 months from date of despatch
Guarantee
12 months from date of despatch
Guarantee
12 months from date of despatch
Guarantee
12 months from date of despatch

More Information

UniProt
P10747
Entrez Gene
CD28
Acknowledgements
This product is provided under an intellectual property licence from Life Technologies Corporation. The transfer of this product is contingent on the buyer using the purchased product solely in research, excluding contract research or any fee for service research, and the buyer must not sell or otherwise transfer this product or its components for (a) diagnostic, therapeutic or prophylactic purposes; (b) testing, analysis or screening services, or information in return for compensation on a per-test basis; (c) manufacturing or quality assurance or quality control, or (d) resale, whether or not resold for use in research. For information on purchasing a license to this product for purposes other than as described above, contact Life Technologies Corporation, 5791 Van Allen Way, Carlsbad CA 92008 USA or outlicensing@thermofisher.com
Acknowledgements
This product is provided under an intellectual property licence from Life Technologies Corporation. The transfer of this product is contingent on the buyer using the purchase product solely in research, excluding contract research or any fee for service research, and the buyer must not sell or otherwise transfer this product or its components for (a) diagnostic, therapeutic or prophylactic purposes; (b) testing, analysis or screening services, or information in return for compensation on a per-test basis; (c) manufacturing or quality assurance or quality control, or (d) resale, whether or not resold for use in research. For information on purchasing a license to this product for purposes other than as described above, contact Life Technologies Corporation, 5791 Van Allen Way, Carlsbad CA 92008 USA or outlicensing@thermofisher.com
Acknowledgements
This product is provided under an intellectual property licence from Life Technologies Corporation. The transfer of this product is contingent on the buyer using the purchased product solely in research, excluding contract research or any fee for service research, and the buyer must not sell or otherwise transfer this product or its components for (a) diagnostic, therapeutic or prophylactic purposes; (b) testing, analysis or screening services, or information in return for compensation on a per-test basis; (c) manufacturing or quality assurance or quality control, or (d) resale, whether or not resold for use in research. For information on purchasing a license to this product for purposes other than as described above, contact Life Technologies Corporation, 5791 Van Allen Way, Carlsbad CA 92008 USA or outlicensing@thermofisher.com
Acknowledgements
This product is covered by U.S. Patent No. 10,150,841 and related U.S. and foreign counterparts
Acknowledgements
This product is covered by U.S. Patent No. 10,150,841 and related U.S. and foreign counterparts
Acknowledgements
This product is covered by U.S. Patent No. 10,150,841 and related U.S. and foreign counterparts
Acknowledgements
This product is covered by U.S. Patent No. 10,150,841 and related U.S. and foreign counterparts
Regulatory
For research purposes only

Applications of CD28 antibody

This product has been reported to work in the following applications. This information is derived from testing within our laboratories, peer-reviewed publications or personal communications from the originators. Please refer to references indicated for further information. For general protocol recommendations, please visit the antibody protocols page.
Application Name Verified Min Dilution Max Dilution
Flow Cytometry Neat
Flow Cytometry Neat 1/10
Flow Cytometry Neat
Flow Cytometry 1/50 1/100
Functional Assays
Immunohistology - Frozen
Flow Cytometry Neat
Flow Cytometry 1/25 1/50
Immunohistology - Frozen
Flow Cytometry Neat
Flow Cytometry Neat
Flow Cytometry Neat
Flow Cytometry Neat
Flow Cytometry Neat
Where this product has not been tested for use in a particular technique this does not necessarily exclude its use in such procedures. Suggested working dilutions are given as a guide only. It is recommended that the user titrates the product for use in their own system using appropriate negative/positive controls.
Where this antibody has not been tested for use in a particular technique this does not necessarily exclude its use in such procedures. Suggested working dilutions are given as a guide only. It is recommended that the user titrates the antibody for use in their own system using appropriate negative/positive controls.
Where this product has not been tested for use in a particular technique this does not necessarily exclude its use in such procedures. Suggested working dilutions are given as a guide only. It is recommended that the user titrates the product for use in their own system using appropriate negative/positive controls.
Where this antibody has not been tested for use in a particular technique this does not necessarily exclude its use in such procedures. Suggested working dilutions are given as a guide only. It is recommended that the user titrates the antibody for use in their own system using appropriate negative/positive controls.
Where this product has not been tested for use in a particular technique this does not necessarily exclude its use in such procedures. Suggested working dilutions are given as a guide only. It is recommended that the user titrates the product for use in their own system using appropriate negative/positive controls.
Where this antibody has not been tested for use in a particular technique this does not necessarily exclude its use in such procedures. Suggested working dilutions are given as a guide only. It is recommended that the user titrates the antibody for use in their own system using appropriate negative/positive controls.
Where this antibody has not been tested for use in a particular technique this does not necessarily exclude its use in such procedures. Suggested working dilutions are given as a guide only. It is recommended that the user titrates the antibody for use in their own system using appropriate negative/positive controls.
Where this product has not been tested for use in a particular technique this does not necessarily exclude its use in such procedures. Suggested working dilutions are given as a guide only. It is recommended that the user titrates the product for use in their own system using appropriate negative/positive controls.
Where this product has not been tested for use in a particular technique this does not necessarily exclude its use in such procedures. Suggested working dilutions are given as a guide only. It is recommended that the user titrates the product for use in their own system using appropriate negative/positive controls.
Where this product has not been tested for use in a particular technique this does not necessarily exclude its use in such procedures. Suggested working dilutions are given as a guide only. It is recommended that the user titrates the product for use in their own system using appropriate negative/positive controls.
Where this product has not been tested for use in a particular technique this does not necessarily exclude its use in such procedures. Suggested working dilutions are given as a guide only. It is recommended that the user titrates the product for use in their own system using appropriate negative/positive controls.
Flow Cytometry
Use 10ul of the suggested working dilution to label 106 cells or 100ul human whole blood
Flow Cytometry
Use 10ul of the suggested working dilution to label 106 cells or 100ul human whole blood.
Flow Cytometry
Use 10ul of the suggested working dilution to label 106 cells or 100ul human whole blood
Flow Cytometry
Use 10ul of the suggested working dilution to label 106 cells in 100ul.
Flow Cytometry
Use 10ul of the suggested working dilution to label 106 cells or 100ul human whole blood
Flow Cytometry
Use 10ul of the suggested working dilution to label 106 cells or 100ul whole blood.
Flow Cytometry
Use 10ul of the suggested working dilution to label 106 cells or 100ul human whole blood.
Flow Cytometry
Use 5ul of the suggested working dilution to label 106 cells in 100ul. Best practices suggest a 5 minutes centrifugation at 6,000g prior to sample application.
Flow Cytometry
Use 5ul of the suggested working dilution to label 106 cells in 100ul. Best practices suggest a 5 minutes centrifugation at 6,000g prior to sample application.
Flow Cytometry
Use 5ul of the suggested working dilution to label 106 cells in 100ul. Best practices suggest a 5 minutes centrifugation at 6,000g prior to sample application.
Flow Cytometry
Use 5ul of the suggested working dilution to label 106 cells in 100ul. Best practices suggest a 5 minutes centrifugation at 6,000g prior to sample application.
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Secondary Antibodies Available

Description Product Code Applications Pack Size List Price Quantity
Goat anti Rat IgG:Alk. Phos. (Mouse Adsorbed) STAR131A C E P WB 1 ml loader
Goat anti Rat IgG:Biotin (Mouse Adsorbed) STAR131B C E IF P WB 0.5 mg loader
Rabbit F(ab')2 anti Rat IgG:Dylight®800 STAR16D800GA F IF WB 0.1 mg loader
Rabbit F(ab')2 anti Rat IgG:FITC STAR17B F 1 mg loader
Rabbit F(ab')2 anti Rat IgG:HRP STAR21B C E P RE 1 mg loader
Goat F(ab')2 anti Rat IgG:FITC (Mouse Adsorbed) STAR69 F 0.5 ml loader
Goat anti Rat IgG:Dylight®800 (Mouse Adsorbed) STAR71D800GA F IF WB 0.1 mg loader
Goat anti Rat IgG:HRP (Mouse Adsorbed) STAR72 C E P 0.5 mg loader
Goat F(ab')2 anti Rat IgG:RPE (Mouse Adsorbed) STAR73 F 0.5 ml loader
Goat anti Rat IgG:Alk. Phos. (Mouse Adsorbed) STAR131A C E P WB 1 ml loader
Goat anti Rat IgG:Biotin (Mouse Adsorbed) STAR131B C E IF P WB 0.5 mg loader
Rabbit F(ab')2 anti Rat IgG:Dylight®800 STAR16D800GA F IF WB 0.1 mg loader
Rabbit F(ab')2 anti Rat IgG:FITC STAR17B F 1 mg loader
Rabbit F(ab')2 anti Rat IgG:HRP STAR21B C E P RE 1 mg loader
Goat F(ab')2 anti Rat IgG:FITC (Mouse Adsorbed) STAR69 F 0.5 ml loader
Goat anti Rat IgG:Dylight®800 (Mouse Adsorbed) STAR71D800GA F IF WB 0.1 mg loader
Goat anti Rat IgG:HRP (Mouse Adsorbed) STAR72 C E P 0.5 mg loader
Goat F(ab')2 anti Rat IgG:RPE (Mouse Adsorbed) STAR73 F 0.5 ml loader

Negative Isotype Controls Available

Description Product Code Applications Pack Size List Price Quantity
Rat IgG2b Negative Control:Alexa Fluor® 488 MCA6006A488 F 100 Tests/1ml loader
Rat IgG2b Negative Control:Alexa Fluor® 647 MCA6006A647 F 100 Tests/1ml loader
Rat IgG2b Negative Control:FITC MCA6006F F 0.1 mg loader
Rat IgG2b Negative Control:Low Endotoxin MCA6006EL F 0.5 mg loader
Rat IgG2b Negative Control:Pacific Blue® MCA6006PB F 100 Tests/1ml loader
Rat IgG2b Negative Control MCA6006GA F 0.1 mg loader
Rat IgG2b Negative Control:RPE MCA6006PE F 100 Tests loader

Useful Reagents Available

Description Product Code Applications Pack Size List Price Quantity
Human Seroblock BUF070A F 50 Test
Human Seroblock BUF070B F 200 Test
Human Seroblock BUF070A F 50 Test
Human Seroblock BUF070B F 200 Test
Human Seroblock BUF070A F 50 Test
Human Seroblock BUF070B F 200 Test
Human Seroblock BUF070A F 50 Test
Human Seroblock BUF070B F 200 Test
Human Seroblock BUF070A F 50 Test
Human Seroblock BUF070B F 200 Test
Human Seroblock BUF070A F 50 Test
Human Seroblock BUF070B F 200 Test
Human Seroblock BUF070A F 50 Test
Human Seroblock BUF070B F 200 Test
Human Seroblock BUF070A F 50 Test
Human Seroblock BUF070B F 200 Test
Human Seroblock BUF070A F 50 Test
Human Seroblock BUF070B F 200 Test

Application Based External Images

Flow Cytometry

Functional Assays

Product Specific References

References for CD28 antibody

  1. Reiter, C. (1989) Cluster Report: CD28 in Leucocyte Typing IV: White Cell Differentiation Antigens. Edited by Knapp, W., Dorken, B., Gilks, W.R., Rieber, E.P., Schmidt, R.E., Stein, H. and von dem Borne, A.E.G.Kr.
    Oxford University Press. pp 352-3.
  2. Galea-Lauri, J. et al. (1999) Expression of a variant of CD28 on a subpopulation of human NK cells: implications for B7-mediated stimulation of NK cells.
    J Immunol. 163 (1): 62-70.
  3. Gabdoulkhakova, A. et al. (2007) High rate of mutation reporter gene inactivation during human T cell proliferation.
    Immunogenetics. 59: 135-43.
  4. Pridgeon, C. et al. (2011) Regulation of IL-17 in chronic inflammation in the human lung.
    Clin Sci (Lond). 120: 515-24.
  5. Blanco, B. et al. (2003) Induction of human T lymphocyte cytotoxicity and inhibition of tumor growth by tumor-specific diabody-based molecules secreted from gene-modified bystander cells.
    J Immunol. 171: 1070-7.
  6. Costa, C. et al. (2002) Human NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity triggered by CD86 and Gal alpha 1,3-Gal is inhibited in genetically modified porcine cells.
    J Immunol. 168: 3808-16.
  7. Litjens, N.H. et al. (2011) Identification of Circulating Human Antigen-Reactive CD4+FOXP3+ Natural Regulatory T Cells.
    J Immunol. 188: 1083-90.
  8. Goodier, M.R. and Londei, M. (2004) CD28 is not directly involved in the response of human CD3- CD56+ natural killer cells to lipopolysaccharide: a role for T cells.
    Immunology. 111: 384-90.
  9. Wilson, J.L. et al. (1999) NK cell triggering by the human costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86.
    J Immunol. 163: 4207-12.
  10. Kropf, P. et al. (2007) Arginase activity mediates reversible T cell hyporesponsiveness in human pregnancy.
    Eur J Immunol. 37: 935-45.
  11. Ponchel, F. et al. (2002) Dysregulated lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
    Blood. 100: 4550-6.
  12. McLeod, J.D. et al. (1998) Activation of human T cells with superantigen (staphylococcal enterotoxin B) and CD28 confers resistance to apoptosis via CD95.
    J Immunol. 160: 2072-9.
  13. Svensson-Arvelund, J. et al. (2015) The human fetal placenta promotes tolerance against the semiallogeneic fetus by inducing regulatory T cells and homeostatic M2 macrophages.
    J Immunol. 194 (4): 1534-44.
  14. Hasib, L. et al. (2016) Functional and homeostatic defects of regulatory T cells in patients with coronary artery disease.
    J Intern Med. 279 (1): 63-77.
  15. Siska, E.K. et al. (2017) Generation of an immortalized mesenchymal stem cell line producing a secreted biosensor protein for glucose monitoring.
    PLoS One. 12 (9): e0185498.

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