TGF Alpha
Precision Plus Protein Dual Xtra Prestained Protein Standards were run in lane 1 and 1 μg Recombinant Human TGF Alpha was run in lane 2 on a 4–15% Mini-PROTEAN TGX Stain-Free Protein Gel. Silver staining was performed using the Silver Stain Plus Kit
Recombinant human transforming growth factor (TGF) alpha
Growth factors such as TGF alpha and their respective receptors play a crucial role in regulating cell differentiation, proliferation and survival. TGF alpha stimulates cell proliferation and is expressed in a number of tissues including skin, colon, liver and kidney (Kumar et al. 1995).
TGF alpha is one of seven epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands (Singh et al. 2016). TGF alpha is synthesized in a precursor transmembrane format, which undergoes proteolytic cleavage to generate the mature extracellular soluble ligand (Singh et al. 2016). Membrane bound TGF alpha is also biologically active and induces juxtacrine signaling by binding to EGFR on neighboring cells (Schneider and Wolf 2008). Upon TGF alpha binding, the EGFR dimerizes resulting in its phosphorylation and kinase domain activation. EGFR phosphorylation activates cell signaling pathways, such as Raf/MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways (Wang et al. 2012).
Overexpression of TGF alpha is observed in numerous cancer types including triple negative breast cancer and prostate cancer. TGF alpha plays a key role in proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells (Giricz et al. 2013, Qin et al. 2014). In addition to tumors, increased TGF alpha levels have been observed in the gastric mucosa of patients suffering from the hyper-proliferative stomach disorder, Ménétrier’s disease (MD), which has resulted in the implication of TGF alpha in the pathogenesis of MD (Huh et al. 2015).
The proliferative effect of TGF alpha was demonstrated by performing a cell proliferation assay with Balb/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. The expected ED50 for this effect is 0.1-1.0 ng/ml.
Growth factors such as TGF alpha and their respective receptors play a crucial role in regulating cell differentiation, proliferation and survival. TGF alpha stimulates cell proliferation and is expressed in a number of tissues including skin, colon, liver and kidney (Kumar et al. 1995).
TGF alpha is one of seven epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands (Singh et al. 2016). TGF alpha is synthesized in a precursor transmembrane format, which undergoes proteolytic cleavage to generate the mature extracellular soluble ligand (Singh et al. 2016). Membrane bound TGF alpha is also biologically active and induces juxtacrine signaling by binding to EGFR on neighboring cells (Schneider and Wolf 2008). Upon TGF alpha binding, the EGFR dimerizes resulting in its phosphorylation and kinase domain activation. EGFR phosphorylation activates cell signaling pathways, such as Raf/MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways (Wang et al. 2012).
Overexpression of TGF alpha is observed in numerous cancer types including triple negative breast cancer and prostate cancer. TGF alpha plays a key role in proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells (Giricz et al. 2013, Qin et al. 2014). In addition to tumors, increased TGF alpha levels have been observed in the gastric mucosa of patients suffering from the hyper-proliferative stomach disorder, Ménétrier’s disease (MD), which has resulted in the implication of TGF alpha in the pathogenesis of MD (Huh et al. 2015).
The proliferative effect of TGF alpha was demonstrated by performing a cell proliferation assay with Balb/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. The expected ED50 for this effect is 0.1-1.0 ng/ml.
Product Details
- Target Species
- Human
- Product Form
- Purified recombinant protein - lyophilized
- Reconstitution
- Pack Size: 10 µgCentrifuge vial prior to reconstitution. Reconstitute to 100 μg/ml by adding 100 μl ddH2O. Care should be taken during reconstitution as the protein may appear as a film at the bottom of the vial. Bio-Rad recommend that the vial is gently mixed after reconstitution. Do not vortex.Pack Size: 100 µgCentrifuge vial prior to reconstitution. Reconstitute to 100 μg/ml by adding 1 ml ddH2O. Care should be taken during reconstitution as the protein may appear as a film at the bottom of the vial. Bio-Rad recommend that the vial is gently mixed after reconstitution. Do not vortex.
- Preparation
- Recombinant protein expressed in E.coli and purified by ion exchange chromatography
- Buffer Solution
- 50 mM Tris-HCl, 0.15 M Sodium Chloride
- Preservative Stabilisers
- 1.0% Trehalose
- Activity
- Confirmed by performing an alamarBlue® based cell proliferation assay using human breast cancer cells. The expected ED50 for this effect is 0.1 - 1 ng/ml.
- Purity
- ≥98% determined by silver staining of SDS-PAGE gel
- Approx. Protein Concentrations
- 100 μg/ml after reconstitution
- Protein Molecular Weight
- 5.5 kDa
- Endotoxin Level
- < 1.0 EU/ug
Storage Information
- Storage
- Prior to reconstitution store at -20oC. Following reconstitution store at -20oC.
This product should be stored undiluted.
Storage in frost-free freezers is not recommended. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing as this may denature the protein. Should this product contain a precipitate we recommend microcentrifugation before use. - Guarantee
- Guaranteed for 3 months from the date of reconstitution or until the date of expiry, whichever comes first. Please see label for expiry date.
More Information
- UniProt
- P01135 Related reagents
- Entrez Gene
- TGFA Related reagents
- GO Terms
- GO:0005886 plasma membrane
- GO:0000187 activation of MAPK activity
- GO:0016021 integral to membrane
- GO:0004708 MAP kinase kinase activity
- GO:0004871 signal transducer activity
- GO:0005154 epidermal growth factor receptor binding
- GO:0045741 positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity
- GO:0005615 extracellular space
- GO:0008083 growth factor activity
- GO:0008283 cell proliferation
- GO:0009986 cell surface
- GO:0045840 positive regulation of mitosis
- GO:0050679 positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
- GO:0051781 positive regulation of cell division
- Acknowledgements
- alamarBlue is a trademark of Trek Diagnostic Systems, Inc and is manufactured for Bio-Rad by Trek Diagnostic Systems. U.S. patent 5,501,959
- Regulatory
- For research purposes only
Applications of TGF Alpha
| Application Name | Verified | Min Dilution | Max Dilution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Functional Assays |
Where this product has not been tested for use in a particular technique this does not necessarily exclude its use in such procedures. Suggested working dilutions are given as a guide only. It is recommended that the user titrates the product for use in their own system using appropriate negative/positive controls.
Copyright © 2019 Bio-Rad Antibodies (formerly AbD Serotec)
Useful Reagents Available
| Description | Product Code | Applications | Pack Size | List Price | Quantity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sheep anti Human TGF Alpha | 9129-7995 | E | 0.5 mg | ||
| alamarBlue® | BUF012A | E FN IF | 25 ml | ||
| Recombinant Human TGF Alpha | PHP037 | E FN WB | 0.1 mg |
|
Product Specific References
Further Reading
-
Giricz, O. et al. (2013) TACE-dependent TGFα shedding drives triple-negative breast cancer cell invasion.
Int J Cancer. 133 (11): 2587-95. -
Huh, W.J. et al. (2016) Ménétrier's Disease: Its Mimickers and Pathogenesis.
J Pathol Transl Med. 50 (1): 10-6. -
Kumar, V. et al. (1995) Transforming growth factor alpha.
Cell Biol Int. 19 (5): 373-88. -
Qin, W. et al. (2014) MicroRNA-124 regulates TGF-α-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human prostate cancer cells.
Int J Oncol. 45 (3): 1225-31. -
Schneider, M.R. & Wolf, E. (2009) The epidermal growth factor receptor ligands at a glance.
J Cell Physiol. 218 (3): 460-6. -
Singh, B. et al. (2016) EGF receptor ligands: recent advances.
F1000Res. 5Sep 08 [Epub ahead of print]. -
Wang, C. et al. (2012) Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) regulates granulosa cell tumor (GCT) cell proliferation and migration through activation of multiple pathways.
PLoS One. 7 (11): e48299.
